Más de la mitad de los trabajadores españoles han sido pluriempleados en algún momento de su vida.
- Un 41% de los pluriempleados afirma compatibilizar trabajos para aumentar sus ingresos, mientras que un 24% lo hace para cubrir gastos básicos y un 22% se ve obligado por la falta de estabilidad en su empleo principal.
- El 23,5% asegura que les provoca fatiga o estrés, y un 11% afirma que repercute directamente en su salud y en sus relaciones personales.
- Los sectores con más pluriempleados son hostelería y turismo (30%) y comercio y atención al cliente (24%), seguidos por transporte y logística (17%) y producción y manufactura (15,5%)
- En cuanto a las comunidades autónomas, Baleares (84,2%), Murcia (62,7%) y Navarra (62,6%) son las regiones con mayor incidencia de pluriempleo, muy por encima de la media nacional (54,8%)
El pluriempleo se ha consolidado en los últimos años como un fenómeno cada vez más presente en el mercado laboral español. Según datos de la Encuesta de Población Activa (EPA), al cierre de 2024 un total de 585.800 trabajadoresdeclararon tener un segundo empleo, una cifra que ha aumentado un 43% en la última década. En este contexto, Randstad, empresa de talento líder en España y en el mundo, ha realizado una encuesta a más de 4.500 profesionales de todo el país con el objetivo de analizar la incidencia real del pluriempleo.
El estudio revela que más de la mitad de los trabajadores españoles (55%) ha compatibilizado en algún momento dos o más empleos a lo largo de su vida laboral y que, en la actualidad, uno de cada diez continúa compaginando varios trabajos, mientras que el 45% asegura no haberlo hecho nunca.
“El número de pluriempleados ha crecido un 47,6% desde 2007, un ritmo muy elevado que refleja la realidad laboral de muchos profesionales en España. Este incremento está directamente relacionado con el esfuerzo que hacen los trabajadores para hacer frente al encarecimiento del coste de la vida y a la pérdida de poder adquisitivo. Por eso, no sorprende que la principal motivación de los españoles siga siendo el salario, ya que constituye la base para garantizar su bienestar económico”, añade Andrés Menéndez, director general de Randstad Trabajo Temporal.
Cabe mencionar que, dentro de la categoría de pluriempleo, hay dos grandes grupos: en primer lugar, los profesionales que tienen un motivo económico detrás. Es decir que necesitan más de un trabajo para llegar a fin de mes. En segundo lugar, los profesionales que tienen dos o más trabajos debido a sus motivaciones personales, aficiones, etc. En este grupo entraría, por ejemplo, una persona que trabaja en una oficina 8 horas diarias, y después de su jornada complementa su trabajo con clases particulares.
Un 24% de los pluriempleados afirma hacerlo para cubrir gastos
Aunque existen diversas razones, la encuesta refleja que la motivación económica es, con diferencia, la más determinante. Un 41% de los pluriempleados afirma compatibilizar trabajos para aumentar sus ingresos, mientras que un 24% lo hace para cubrir gastos básicos y un 22% se ve obligado por la falta de estabilidad en su empleo principal. Es decir, en más de ocho de cada diez casos el pluriempleo responde a una necesidad de supervivencia económica, no a un deseo de realización profesional.
Precisamente el foco del análisis se centra en el aspecto económico. Y es que tres de cada cuatro trabajadores pluriempleados (76%) reducirían su carga laboral si su empleo principal les ofreciera mejores condiciones, mientras que un 17,5% lo haría solo si el salario fuera suficiente. Tan solo un 6% asegura disfrutar compaginando varias actividades, lo que confirma que el pluriempleo en España es más una obligación que una oportunidad.
En el contexto actual de elevados precios de consumo, la presión en el mercado de la vivienda y los alquileres, y unos salarios por debajo de la media europea —según Eurostat, al cierre de 2024 un trabajador en España percibía de media 32.587 euros anuales, frente a los 37.863 euros de la Unión Europea—, muchos profesionales se ven empujados a recurrir al pluriempleo. En este escenario, las motivaciones personales o vocacionales quedan en un segundo plano, ya que solo un 8% compatibiliza empleos por esas razones.
El pluriempleo deja huella: casi un 35% admite estrés, fatiga o impacto en su salud
El pluriempleo en España genera opiniones encontradas. Casi la mitad de los encuestados (46%) lo valora positivamente, al verlo como una vía para obtener ingresos extra y algo de flexibilidad. Pero el coste personal es evidente: un 23,5% asegura que les provoca fatiga o estrés y un 11% lo considera muy negativo, por el impacto en su salud y relaciones personales. Entre ambos extremos, un 19% afirma no notar grandes cambios, reflejo de cómo, en algunos sectores, compatibilizar empleos se ha convertido en una práctica normalizada.
Esa normalización también se aprecia en la duración de esta situación. Un 30% de los trabajadores pluriempleados compagina más de un empleo durante más de tres años, lo que muestra que no siempre se trata de una circunstancia temporal, sino que en muchos casos se prolonga como estrategia de supervivencia laboral. Otros lo viven de forma más transitoria: un 30% durante menos de seis meses, un 24% entre uno y tres años y un 17% entre seis meses y un año.
En cuanto a la naturaleza del trabajo, el pluriempleo se apoya mayoritariamente en contratos por cuenta ajena (64%), aunque también hay espacio para quienes recurren a actividades por cuenta propia (24%) o a ingresos de distinta índole (12%).
Hostelería y comercio, los sectores con más pluriempleados
El estudio también analiza en qué ámbitos económicos se concentra este fenómeno. Hostelería y turismo (30%) y comercio y atención al cliente (24%) lideran el ranking, seguidos por transporte y logística (17%) y producción y manufactura (15,5%).
Otros sectores como la consultoría, las finanzas o el ámbito legal rondan el 10%, mientras que educación (6,5%), tecnología y servicios digitales (6%) y sanidad (5,5%) aparecen a la cola. Cabe destacar que un 42,5% de los encuestados señala trabajar en otros sectores no recogidos en la clasificación, lo que evidencia que el pluriempleo es un fenómeno transversal.
Baleares, a la cabeza del pluriempleo en España
El análisis por comunidades autónomas refleja fuertes contrastes. En Baleares, un 84% de los trabajadores afirma haber compaginado más de un empleo en algún momento. Tras Baleares, el pluriempleo es especialmente habitual en Murcia (63%), Navarra (63%) y Andalucía (60%), comunidades donde seis de cada diez ocupados han tenido que recurrir en algún momento a un segundo empleo. Canarias (59%) y La Rioja (59%) se sitúan en cifras similares, confirmando que el fenómeno no se limita a una sola región.
En una posición intermedia se encuentra la Comunidad Valenciana (58%), prácticamente en línea con la media nacional (58,3%). Por debajo de ese umbral se sitúan Madrid (57%), Cantabria (57%), Aragón (56%), Asturias (56%), Galicia (56%), Castilla y León (55%), Cataluña (54%) y Castilla-La Mancha (54%).
En el extremo inferior se encuentran el País Vasco (52%) y, sobre todo, Extremadura (47%), que presentan los menores porcentajes de pluriempleo. En esta última, más de la mitad de los trabajadores (53%) nunca ha compatibilizado empleos, lo que la convierte en la única comunidad donde predominan quienes no han vivido esta situación.
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